Religious and Theological
Perspectives on Women


A Woman and Her Self - Self-Actualization and Self-Realization in the 21st Century By Janina Gomes, February 2010

Mary Ward: Then and Now Gemma Simmonds CJ looks at the life and writings of this woman of 'heroic virtue' who wanted to secure a better role for women in the Church and in society, and at how this struggle continues today, in Thinking Faith: The Online Journal of the English Jesuits, January 2010

In Search of the Synagogue, Part V A conversation with Professor Lee Levine on the roles women played in the synagogues of antiquity (3rd century C.E. – 7th century C.E.). Reform Judaism Online, Spring 2009

“Introducing the Category of Gender to Roman Catholic Theology – a Liberal Approach By Angelika Walser in The Journal of Inter-Religious Dialogue, 2009

The Pendulum Is Never Static: Jesus Sira to Jesus Christ on Women in the Light of Judith, Susanna and LXX Esther By Pierre Jordaan, Biblical Studies and Ancient Languages, North-West University, South Africa, in HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies, 2009

"As Male and Female He Created Them": Theological Anthropology Aware of 'Gender' By Saskia Wendel, Professor of Systematic Theology at the Institute of Catholic Theology at the University of Cologne, in Herder Korrespondenz, 2009

Women, Honor, and Context in Mediterranean Antiquity By Carolyn Osiek in HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies, 2008

Catholic Feminism: An Oxymoron or 'Deeper Truths?'. The Challenge of Integrating Faith With Reason By Elizabeth R. Schiltz in St. Thomas Lawyer, the magazine of the School of Law of the University of St. Thomas, Winter 2008

Liberating Domesticity: Women and the Home in Orthodox Judaism and Latin American Pentecostalism By Jonathan L. Friedmann, Whittier College, in Journal of Religion & Society, 2008

The Biblical Exegesis of Headship: A Challenge to Patriarchal Understanding That Impinges on Women's Rights in the Church and Society By E Baloyi in Verbum et Ecclesia, 2008

In Pain and Sorrow: Childbirth, Incarnation, and the Suffering of Women By Colleen Carpenter Cullinan in Cross Currents, Spring 2008

The Niger Delta Oil Crisis And The Victimization Of Women: A Socio-Ethnographic Analysis By Amakwe Mary John Bosco Ebere, HSFN, 2008

Mysticism and Feminism in Seventeenth-Century England By Sarah Apetrei in The Way, 2007

Man and Woman have the same Dignity and are Equal: Man as Image of God and Gender Relation in a Christian Perspective By Marianne Heimbach-Steins, professor of Christian social doctrine and general religious sociology at the University of Bamberg, in the periodical of the Catholic Academy in Bavaria 'zur debatte', 2007

Only Obedient Wife and Good Mother? The Position of Women in Islam By Hamideh Mohagheghi, lecturer for Islam at the University of Paderborn, in Herder Korrespondenz, 2007

Women's Role in Healing a Fractured Earth: Faiths Working Together An address given at the ICCJ Women´s Conference, Sydney, Australia, July 2007

Evangelical Gender Ideology: A View from Christianity Today Readers By Thomas V. Frederick, Hope International University, and Jack O. Balswick, Fuller Theological Seminary, in Journal of Religion & Society, 2006

Women Rabbis: A Novel Idea By David J. Zucker in Judaism, Summer-Fall 2006

Battered Hearts and the Trinity of Compassion: Women, the Cross and Kenosis By Mark L. Yenson in The Way, 2006

Imado Dei and Sexual Difference By Janet Martin Soskice in the Proceedings of the Working Group on What Is Our Real Knowledge of the Human Being, Pontifical Academy of Sciences, May 2006

Gaudium et Spes Suggests a Change in Moral Imagination to Ensure the Just Treatment of Women By Marilyn Martone, Ph.D., St. John's University, 2005

Africas Women: A Journey of Hope By Marta D. Bennett in The Other Journal, 2005

Moving toward Wholeness: Women and Religion in the Global World By Judith Narrowe t the Annual Conference of the International Council of Christians and Jews, Chicago, July 2005

Women and the Law of Moses From a syllabus for the course “Women and the Bible,” Beeson Divinity School, Birmingham. AL, by Allen P. Ross, Fall Semester, 2004

Christianity and Women in Japan By Yamaguchi Satoko, Co-Director of the Center for Feminist Theology and Ministry in Japan, in Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 2003

Insiders or Outsiders: Women and Rabbinic Literature By Dvora Weisberg in Judaism, Summer-Fall 2003

The Lonely Woman of Faith By Shira Wolosky in Judaism, Winter-Spring 2003

Gender Co-Operation: Some Implications of God's Design For Society By Michael and Auriel Schluter in Cambridge Papers, June 2003

What Went Wrong? Feminism and Freedom from the Prison of Gender Roles By Rita M. Gross in Cross Currents, Spring 2003

A Patristic Basis for a Theological Anthropology of Women in Their Distinctive Humanity By Constantine Yokarinis in the Anglican Theological Review, Summer 2002

The Eve-Mary Typology and Women in the Orthodox Church: Reconsidering Rhodes By Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald in the Anglican Theological Review, Summer 2002

The Gender Aspects of Creation from a Theological, Christological, and Soteriological Perspective: An Exegetical Contribution By Urs von Arx in the Anglican Theological Review, Summer 2002

Women Pay the Price By Mary Bosco Ebere Amakwe, HFSN

Greek Patristic Foundations for a Theological Anthropology of Women in Their Distinctiveness as Human Beings By Martien Parmentier in the Anglican Theological Review, Summer 2002

The God of Rebekah By Piet Van Boxel in SIDIC Periodical, 2002

Ghanain Christian Woman, Part 1 By Janet Moore M.Div., McCormick Theological Seminary, Chicago, in BlackandChristian.com, 2002
Ghanain Christian Woman, Part 2

The Book of the Hebrews Revisited: Implications of the Theology of Hebrews for Gender Equality by Ruth Hoppin at the Pacific Coast Region/Society of Biblical Literature meeting, New Testament Epistles and Apocalypse Section, St. Mary's College, Moraga, CA, in March 2002

Female Circumcision By Daniel Karanja in Church Leader in Africa, 2002

Women and Their Mothers: Rejecting and Reclaiming the Tradition of the Saints By Marie Anne Mayeski in the Anglican Theological Review, Spring 2001

African Theology and the Status of Women in Africa By Ian D. Ritchie, presented to the Canadian Theological Society, May 25, 2001

Is Paul the Father of Misogyny and Antisemitism? By Pamela Eisenbaum in CrossCurrents, Winter 2000-01

Aquinas on Women By John Wijngaards in National Catholic Reporter January 14, 2000

Two Women Speaking "Woman": Stategic Essentialism of Irigaray and Palmer By Diane Leclerc in Wesley Theological Journal, 2000

Fulfilling Femininity and Transcending the Flesh: Traditional Religious Beliefs and Gender Ideals in Popular Women's Magazines By Michelle Lelwica. Saint Mary's College of California, in Journal of Religion and Society, 1999

Women and Ecology in Shona Religion By Isabel Mukonyora in Word & World, Summer 1999

Moses / Jesus / Women: Does the New Testament Offer a Feminist Message? By Esther Fuchs in Cross Currents, Winter 1999

The Family: Obstacles to Friendship By Donald X. Burt, OSA. Chapter 2 of Friendship and Society: An Introduction to Augustine's Practical Philosophy, 1999

The Risks of Repeating Ourselves: Reading Feminist / Womanist Figures of Jesus By Karen Trimble Alliaume in Cross Currents, 1998

Feminism and Judaism: Women, Tradition, and the Women's Movement By Joel B. Wolowelsky in Judaism, Fall 1998

Embodying God's Life: Women and Spirituality By Regina Bechtle in The Way, 1998

Faith Walkers: Dalit Women's Spiritual Journey By Fatima Bernard in The Way, 1998

Women--Meeting in Faith By Barbara Butler in The Way, 1998

The Message of Beijing: Challenge to the Church By Joan Chittister in The Way, 1998

Faith Walkers: Dalit Women's Spiritual Journey By Vedamani Epsibai in The Way, 1998

Women and Spirituality: A Latin American Perspective By Ivone Gebara in The Way, 1998

What Have the Popes Said About Women, For Heaven's Sake? By Richard Leonard in The Way, 1998

Making Meaning, Makinf Pleasure: Women and Television By Gaye W. Ortiz in The Way, 1998

Women and Apartheid: Collective Trauma and Social Reconstruction By Tina Sideris in The Way, 1998

A Challenge for Jesuits By Paula Terroni in The Way, 1998

Women Transformed: The Ending of Mark in the Beginning of Wisdom - Mark's Gospels By Marie Sabin in Cross Currents, Summer 1998

The African Experience of God through the Eyes of an Akan Woman By Mercy Amba Oduyoye in Cross Currents, Winter 1997-98

Faith Walkers: Dalit Women's Spiritual Journey By Arul Mary in The Way, 1998

Remembering Who We Are: Women and Ritual By Lizette Larson-Miller in The Way, 1998

"Let women not despair": Rabanus Maurus on Women as Prophets By Marie Anne Mayeski in Theological Studies, June 1997

Feminism & the Family: An Indissoluble Marriage By Mary Ann Glendon in Commonweal, Feb 14, 1997

Between Rhetoric and Reality: Women and Men as Equal Partners By Herbert Anderson, Catholic Theological Union, Chicago, Illinois, in Word & World, Fall 1997

The Paternal Face and the Maternal Mind of Yahweh By Erhard S. Gerstenberger in Word & World, Fall 1997

'Neither male nor female ... in Christ'? Church debates and the politics of identity by Mary McClintock Fulkerson, 1997

Gender & Religion By Kenneth L. Woodward in Commonweal, Nov 22, 1996

Women in the Bible and the Lectionary By Ruth Fox, OSB in Liturgy 90, May-June, 1996

New Respect for Women and the Earth By Anne Lonergan, Compass, A Jesuit Journal, Volume 14 #2, May/June 1996

Patristic Elements Towards a Theological Anthropology of Woman as a Human Being and as Woman in Her Difference from Man By Dr. Constantinos Yokarinis, Warsaw December 1996

Midrash, Bible, and Women's Voices By Norma Rosen in Judaism, Fall 1996

Patristic Elements towards a Theological Anthropology of Woman as a Human Being and as Woman in Her Difference from Man By Dr. Constantinos Yokarinis, Warsaw, December 1996

Women In Ministry: A Biblical Vision By Sharon Clark Pearson in Wesley Theological Journal, 1996

Enculturation and Inculturation: The Gospel of Liberation and the Culture of African Womanhood By Dr U.E. Umoren, C.U.E.A. Vol. 11, No. 3, Sept. 1995

Julian of Norwich's "Christ as Mother" and Medieval Constructions of Gender By Thomas L. Long, English Department, Thomas Nelson Community College, Hampton, VA, March 1995

Women Now Face a Broader Struggle By Agnes Abuom, Compass, A Jesuit Journal, Nov./Dec. 1995

Anti-Judaism in Religious Feminist Writing: Scapegoating on Patriarchy Distorts Theology By Louise and Mark Zwick, Houston Catholic Worker, May-June 1995

The Religious Wounding of Women By Patricia Reilly. Excerpted from A God Who Looks Like Me, Ballantine, 1995

'The Virtuous Woman': New Wine and Old Wineskins By Elizabeth A. Dreyer in The Way, 1995

Woman-Body, Man-Body: Knowing God By Wendy M. Wright in The Way, 1995

The Rehabilitation of Eve in the De institutione uirginis of Ambrose of Milan By Kim E. Power, 1995

St Augustine--A Male Chauvinist? Talk at Cambridge by Fr. Edmund Hill, OP, 1994

Of Godly Men And Medicine: Ancient Biology and the Christian Fathers on the Nature of Woman By Kim E. Power in Woman-Church, Spring 1994

Women's Contribution to Contemporary Spirituality By Ursula King in The Way, 1994

The Defective Male: What Aquinas Really Said By Michael Nolan in New Blackfriars, 1994

Of Godly Men and Medicine: Ancient Biology and the Christian Fathers on the Nature of Woman By Kim E. Power in Woman-Church, Spring 1994

Women want power to imagine and name God by Elizabeth Dodson Gray in National Catholic Reporter, April 1, 1994

"Male Spirituality": A Feminist Evaluation By Elizabeth T. Knuth, May 1993

The Creation of Adam as Hermaphrodite - and Its Implications for Feminist Theology By Azila Talit Reisenberger in Judaism, Fall 1993

The Legitimation of the Abuse of Women in Christianity By Dr. Mary Ann Rossi in Feminist Theology, 1993

The Feminine Image of God in Shusako Endo By Jean Higgins in Suffering: The Stauros Notebook, Winter 1993

The Ministry of Mary Lee Cagle: A Study in Women's History and Religion By Stan Ingersol in Wesley Theological Journal, 1993

Her Share of the Blessings: Women's Religions Among the Pagans, Jews, and Christians in the Greco-Roman World Extensive quotes and summaries of the book by Ross Shepard Kraemer published by Oxford University Press, 1992

Is God A Woman? By Gayle S. Myers, a mother, teacher, and writer from Virginia Beach, Virginia, 1991

The Beguines: Feminine Piety Derailed By Marygrace Peters, O.P. in Spirituality Today, Spring 1991

The Women of the Gospel of Mark and Contemporary Women's Spirituality By Mitzi Minor in Spirituality Today, Summer 1991

Eve: the Mother of All Living By Anne Baring, Chapter 13a from The Myth of the Goddess: Evolution of an Image, Penguin Books, 1991

Eve in Christian Culture By Anne Baring, Chapter 13b from The Myth of the Goddess: Evolution of an Image, Penguin Books, 1991

Where Can We Find Her? Searching for Women's Identity in the New Church Book edited by Marie-Eloise Rosenblatt, Paulist Press, 1991

Love's Labours Unlost: Women and the Word By Calre Amos in The Way, 1991

Teresa, Feminism, and the Humanity of Christ By Vilma Seelaus in Spirituality Today, Summer 1990

After Eve: Women, Theology and the Christian Tradition Book edited by Janet Martin Soskice and published by Collins Marshal Pickering. 1990

Female Blood: The Ancient Taboo and its Christian Consequences By Uta Ranke-Heinemann in Eunuchs for Heaven, London 1990

Reclaiming Women's Part in Redeeming By Mary Grey. Chapter 7 from Redeeming the Dream: Feminism, Redemption and Christian Tradition, SPCK, London 1989

The Patriarchal Way of Relating By Virginia Ramey Mollenkott, 1989

Freedom from Stereotypes By Virginia Ramey Mollenkott, 1989

Feminism and Spirituality By Catherina Halkes in Spirituality Today, Autumn 1988

Feminism Come of Age By Mary Hull Mohr in Word & World, 1988

Women In African Traditional Religion By John Mbiti in Cahiers des Religions Africaines, 1988

Reclaiming the Turth of Women's Lives: Women and Spirituality By Regina Bechtle in The Way, 1988

Light Shines in the Darkness and the Darkness Has Not Overcome Her: Women and Wisdom By Amy C. Tolpingrud in Word & World, 1987

Trinity and Women's Experience By Barbara Brown Zikmund, dean of Pacific School of Religion in Berkeley, California, in The Christian Century April 15, l987

Women of the Bible By the editors of SIDIC Periodical, 1987

Woman seen as a 'problem' and as 'solution' in the theological anthropoloqy of the Early Fathers: Considering the Consequences By Dr.Marie-Henry Keane O.P. formerly Prof. in Systematic Theology Dept. of Univ. of South Africa, Pretoria, paper presented to Catholic Theological Society of South Africa, October 1987

Divine Power Made Perfect in Weakness: St. Hildegard on the Frail Sex by Barbara Newman in Peace Weavers, Medieval Religious Women, Cistercian Publications 1987

Why were men considered superior? Chapter 3 of a 1986 book by John Wijngaards, MHM

Women's Images of God and Prayer By Jill Robson in The Way, 1986

Bonding: The Critical Praxis of Feminism By Margaret Galiardi in The Way, 1986

The Power of Images By Monica Furlong in The Way, 1986

Female Beyond the Signs By Joan Faber in The Way, 1986

Androgyny and Beyond By Roland Martinson in Word & World, 1985

The Incomprehensibility of God and the Image of God Male and Female By Elizabeth Johnson, C.S.J. in Theological Studies, 1984

Rabbinacal Tradition on the Role of Women By Hayim G. Perelmuter, Chautauqua Professor of Jewish Studies at the Catholic Theological Union, 1984

Women in the Workplace By Penelope Washbourn in Word & World, 1984

The Incomprehensibility of God and the Image of God Male and Female By Elizabeth Johnson, C.S.J., The Catholic University of America, in Theological Studies, 1984

God and Feminism By John B. Cobb, Jr. Chapter 6 of the book Talking About God: Doing Theology in the Context of Modern Pluralism by David Tracy and John B. Cobb, Jr., 1983

The Effects of Women's Experience on Their Spirituality By Sandra M. Schneiders in Spirituality Today, Summer 1983

Contemporary Feminism and Christian Doctrine of the Human By Patricia Wilson-Kastner in Word & World, 1982

Christology and Feminism: Can a Male Saviour Save Women ? By Rosemary Radford Ruether. From To change the World, Crossroad, New York 1981

What Became of God the Mother? Conflicting Images of God in Early Christianity By Elaine H. Pagels, 1979

The Role of Women in Judaism By Jonathan Sacks, 1978

The Role of Women according to Jesus and the Early Church By Robert J. Karris, O.F.M. in Women and Priesthood: Future Directions, 1978

Woman, Human and Ecclesial? By M. Nadine Foley, 1977

A Feminist Perspective on the Jewish Woman By Lucy Y. Steinitz in SIDIC Periodical, 1976

Christian Tradition on Women By Sandra M. Schneiders in SIDIC Periodical, 1976

The God of Rebakah By Piet Van Boxel in SIDIC Periodical, 1976

Women in the New Testament Constance F. Parvey in SIDIC Periodical, 1976

Women in the Talmud By Judith Hauptman in SIDIC Periodical, 1976

Male Clericalism and the Dread of Women by Rosemary Radford Ruether in Women and Orders, Paulist Press, 1974

An Annotated Bibliography of the New Testament Teaching about Women By C. E. Cerling, Jr. in Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society, 1973

Woman in Christian Tradition Book by George H.Tavard, University of Notre Dame Press, 1973

After the Death of God the Father By Mary Daly in Commonweal, March 1971

Jesus Was a Feminist By Leonard Swidler in Catholic World, January 1971

Woman Article in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia

Rights of Woman Article in the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia

The true woman: a series of discourses By Rev. J. D. Fulton, Tremont Temple, Boston, 1869

Bible and church degrade woman By Elizabeth Cady Stanton [1815-1902]

Theosis and Sacrifice: The Gendering of Salvation By Damien Casey of the Australian Catholic University

Jesus and Women By Christine Schenk, project coordinator of the Women in Church Leadership project

Christian + Feminist A collection of articles and links by Elizabeth T. Knuth, dedicated to the proposition that faith and feminism are not mutually exclusive

Global Women's Project Information & links provided by the Center of Concern

Catholic Anti-Feminism Theology Library links

My work for women and girl refugees in Malawi Ryckeboer Ludwina, MMS

The Liberation of Women: Religious Sources By Nelia Beth Scovill, who is currently teaching religious studies classes at Carroll College in Waukesha, Wisconsin

NOT That Old Time Religion.... By Susana Gallardo on her Chicana feminist homepage

Religion, Philosophy, Theology, and the History of Religion Summaries of about 30 books by feminist authors and theologians. Lots and lots of primary material with exact reference information provided

Protestant Anti-Feminism Theology Library links

Gender: "Male and Female Created He Them" An article taken from And Adam Knew Eve: A Dictionary of Sex in the Bible, by Ronald L. Ecker

The Status of Women in the Bible From the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance

The Doctrine of the Inner Light: Evangelicalism and Women in the Society of Friends By Martin Meeker

Friends (Quakers) and Women Article by Bill Samuel, editor of the Quakerism page on Suite 101

Women in Buddhism Courtesy of the Buddha Dharma Education Association

Feminist Interpretations of Certain Bible Passages

God Language and Feminist Christology A website that argues for gender inclusive language. It includes these pages: Feminist Midrash -- Gnosticism, Christianity, and Sophia -- God vs. Goddess

Research Papers from Mount Saint Agnes Theological Center for Women Deborah, Jael and Canaanite Mythology, Hrotsvit of Gandersheim: 10th Century Poet and Playwright, In Memory of Her: The Annointing Woman (Mark 14. 3-9), Lydia and Priscilla - Role Models for Today, Mary(am): Mary in the New Testament and the Quran, Recovering Women's Leadership in Early Christianity, The Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicitas, The Personification of Wisdom in Proverbs 1, 8, & 9, The Samaritan Woman at the Well (John 4.7- 42) Vessel or Disciple?, by Brenda M. Johnson, M.A., and Imagine Being Human-An Anthropology of Mutuality by Mary Aquin O'Neill, RSM, Ph.D.

Religion: Quaker Women A Herstory Exhibition

Celebrating Women Witnesses: WOW! By Chris Schenk, CSJ

Women and House Religion By Elizabeth Willett, Hebrew Bible translation consultant, SIL International. A discussion of the importance of the Israelite house architecture in understanding women's social, economic and religious activities

Making Biblical Women Visible By Carol L. Meyers, Professor of Religion, Duke University, 1984

God, Gender and Identity By Linda Woodhead, Department of Religious Studies Lancaster University

What Is the Status of Women in Islam? From Islam-Guide.com

Women and Religion From the Internet Sacred Text Archive. All of the major world religions deprecate women to some degree. This page archives texts which relate specifically to women and religion from a female perspective. This includes historic feminist texts on the topic, texts about Goddess-oriented sprituality and Amazons, as well as texts from otherwise male-dominated religions in the same vein


Companion page: Women in the Church


Broken links? Suggestions?